Marijuana Use in Teens and Young Adults and Its Impact on Mental Health
Written By: Dr. Beata Lewis
In recent years, the conversation surrounding marijuana has shifted dramatically, with many advocating for its therapeutic benefits and decriminalization. However, as its accessibility and acceptance grow, so does its use among teens and young adults—a demographic whose brains are still in a crucial stage of development. This raises an essential question: How does marijuana consumption impact the mental health of our youth? This blog delves into the science behind marijuana, its appeal to younger generations, and its potential short-term and long-term effects on their mental well-being. Join us as we navigate this complex and timely topic.
Historical Context
Marijuana, also known as cannabis, has a long and intricate history that spans thousands of years and various cultures. Its earliest recorded use dates back to ancient civilizations in Asia, where it was primarily utilized for medicinal and spiritual purposes. The plant's fibers were also used to make textiles, ropes, and paper (Crocq, 2020).
By the Middle Ages, cannabis had spread to the Middle East and parts of Europe. In many cultures, it was integrated into religious rituals and traditional medicine practices (Ferrara, 2020). However, it wasn't until the 19th century that marijuana began to gain traction in Western medicine, with doctors prescribing cannabis tinctures for a myriad of ailments, from migraines to menstrual cramps (Bridgeman & Abazia, 2017).
The 20th century marked a significant shift in the perception of marijuana. The early 1900s saw a wave of anti-drug sentiment, leading to the criminalization of cannabis in many countries. In the United States, the 1930s brought about the "Reefer Madness" era, where propaganda films and campaigns painted marijuana as a dangerous drug that led to insanity and criminal behavior. This period culminated in the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act, which effectively banned its use and sale.
However, the 1960s and 70s ushered in a countercultural movement that challenged many societal norms, including the prohibition of marijuana. Advocacy for its decriminalization grew, and by the late 20th century, some regions began to recognize the medical benefits of cannabis, leading to its legalization for medicinal purposes in certain areas.
The 21st century has seen a more rapid shift in marijuana's legal landscape. Numerous countries and states have decriminalized or even legalized recreational marijuana use, driven by changing societal views and a growing body of research highlighting its potential benefits (Pacula & Smart, 2017). Yet, as the legal barriers come down, concerns about its impact on youth and their mental health remain at the forefront of the conversation.
In understanding the current discourse around marijuana, it's essential to recognize its storied past—a journey from ancient medicine to a controversial drug, and now, for many, a symbol of progressive change and potential therapeutic promise.
The Science Behind Marijuana
Marijuana, scientifically known as Cannabis sativa, is a complex plant with over 500 identified compounds, of which more than 100 are classified as cannabinoids (Rock & Parker, 2021). These cannabinoids are the primary active ingredients in marijuana that interact with the human body, leading to its various effects. Let's delve into the science behind this intriguing plant.
Cannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol): This is the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana. When consumed, THC interacts with cannabinoid receptors in the brain, producing the characteristic "high" associated with marijuana use. It affects areas of the brain responsible for memory, perception, concentration, and movement.
CBD (Cannabidiol): Unlike THC, CBD is non-psychoactive and has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and antipsychotic properties.
Endocannabinoid System: This is a complex cell-signaling system in the human body that plays a role in regulating a range of functions and processes, including mood, appetite, sleep, and pain. Cannabinoids from marijuana interact with this system, specifically with the CB1 and CB2 receptors, influencing the release of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Terpenes and Flavonoids
Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, including marijuana. They give cannabis its distinct aroma and may also play a role in its therapeutic effects. Some common terpenes in marijuana include limonene (citrusy aroma) and pinene (pine-like aroma).
Flavonoids are compounds responsible for the plant's color and have antioxidant properties. In marijuana, they may work synergistically with cannabinoids in what's known as the "entourage effect," enhancing the plant's overall therapeutic potential.
Methods of Consumption and Bioavailability
Smoking: The most common method, where the compounds are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs, leading to immediate effects.
Edibles: These are food products infused with marijuana. The onset of effects is slower as the cannabinoids must pass through the digestive system, but the effects can be more prolonged and intense.
Tinctures and Oils: These are liquid extracts that can be taken sublingually (under the tongue) or added to food and drinks. They offer a more controlled dosage and a longer duration of effects compared to smoking.
Topicals: These are creams, balms, and lotions infused with cannabis, primarily used for localized pain relief without psychoactive effects.
The Entourage Effect
This theory suggests that the various compounds in marijuana work together, enhancing the therapeutic effects of each other. It's believed that the combined effect of the whole plant is greater than the sum of its individual parts (Ferber et al., 2020).
The science behind marijuana is vast and continually evolving. As research progresses, we gain a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between the compounds in cannabis and the human body, shedding light on its potential benefits and risks.
Mental Health Impacts of Marijuana: A Mental Health Professional's Perspective
From the vantage point of a mental health professional, the relationship between marijuana use and mental health is multifaceted and warrants careful consideration. While some individuals report benefits such as reduced anxiety or alleviated depressive symptoms, others experience exacerbated mental health challenges. Here's a comprehensive look at the potential mental health impacts of marijuana:
1. Short-term Effects
Mood Alterations: Many users report feelings of relaxation, euphoria, and heightened sensory perception. However, some may experience negative mood changes, including increased anxiety, paranoia, or panic attacks.
Impaired Cognitive Function: Acute marijuana use can lead to difficulties with attention, memory, and problem-solving, which can be particularly concerning for individuals already struggling with cognitive aspects of their mental health.
Altered Perception: Some users may experience hallucinations or altered perceptions of reality, which can be distressing, especially for those with pre-existing psychotic disorders.
2. Long-term Effects
Amotivational Syndrome: Chronic use might lead to a decrease in motivation, ambition, and general drive. This can be particularly detrimental for individuals with depression or other mood disorders where motivation is already compromised.
Exacerbation of Pre-existing Conditions: Marijuana can exacerbate symptoms in individuals with anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia. The relationship between marijuana and psychosis remains a topic of significant debate, with some studies suggesting a potential link, especially in those predisposed to psychotic disorders.
Dependence and Withdrawal: Over time, regular users might develop a psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms can include irritability, insomnia, and mood disturbances, which can further complicate existing mental health issues.
3. Potential Therapeutic Uses
Anxiety and PTSD: Some patients report symptom relief with controlled and moderate marijuana use, particularly strains high in CBD. However, it's essential to approach this with caution, as high-THC strains can exacerbate anxiety in some individuals.
Depression: The evidence is mixed. While some find relief, others may experience a worsening of their depressive symptoms. The strain, dosage, and individual factors play a significant role.
4. Considerations for Mental Health Professionals
Individualized Approach: Recognize that marijuana's impact can vary widely among individuals. A thorough assessment of each patient's history, current use, and symptomatology is crucial.
Open Dialogue: Encourage patients to be honest about their marijuana use and its effects on their mental well-being. This fosters a non-judgmental environment where risks and benefits can be weighed objectively.
Stay Informed: As the field of cannabis research is rapidly evolving, mental health professionals should stay updated on the latest findings to provide evidence-based guidance.
While marijuana may offer therapeutic benefits for some, it's not without risks. As mental health professionals, it's our duty to approach the topic with an open mind, a well-informed perspective, and a commitment to the holistic well-being of our patients.
Dependency and Addiction: Understanding Marijuana's Grip
Marijuana, like many substances, has the potential to lead to dependency and addiction. While often perceived as less addictive than other drugs, the increasing potency of modern strains and the growing body of research suggest that we must approach its use with caution and awareness. Here's a closer look at the nuanced relationship between marijuana and dependency:
Defining Dependency and Addiction
Physical Dependency: This refers to the body's adaptation to the drug, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not consumed. It's worth noting that not all physical dependencies are problematic or indicative of an addiction.
Psychological Addiction: This is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior despite negative consequences. It's driven by the brain's reward system and can manifest as an intense craving or perceived need for the drug.
Marijuana's Potential for Dependency
Brain Chemistry: THC, the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, stimulates the brain to release dopamine, a neurotransmitter related to pleasure and reward. Over time and with regular use, the brain may come to rely on marijuana to release dopamine, leading to increased cravings and consumption.
Withdrawal Symptoms: Regular users who stop consuming marijuana might experience irritability, mood swings, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, and physical discomfort. These symptoms can drive individuals back to the drug for relief.
Risk Factors for Developing an Addiction
Early and Frequent Use: Starting marijuana use during teenage years and consuming it frequently can increase the risk of developing an addiction in adulthood.
Mental Health Disorders: Individuals with anxiety, depression, or other mental health disorders might be more susceptible to marijuana dependency, often using it as a coping mechanism.
Peer Pressure: Being in an environment where drug use is frequent and normalized can contribute to increased consumption.
Genetics: Some studies suggest that certain genetic factors might make some individuals more susceptible to marijuana addiction.
Consequences of Marijuana Addiction
Mental Health: Chronic use can exacerbate mental health issues, lead to cognitive impairments, and affect motivation and daily functioning.
Social and Occupational: Marijuana addiction can strain relationships, lead to decreased job performance, and result in social isolation.
Physical Health: While marijuana is often touted for its safety profile, chronic use can lead to respiratory issues (if smoked), increased heart rate, and other health concerns.
Seeking Help and Treatment
Recognition: The first step in addressing any addiction is recognizing and accepting the problem.
Counseling and Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, and contingency management are effective approaches for treating marijuana addiction.
Support Groups: Joining groups like Marijuana Anonymous can provide peer support and accountability.
Medical Intervention: In some cases, medications might be prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms or coexisting mental health disorders.
Despite marijuana offering therapeutic potential for many, it's essential to recognize its potential for dependency and addiction. Awareness, education, and open dialogue are crucial in ensuring that individuals can make informed decisions about their health and well-being.
Conclusion
Marijuana, a plant with deep historical roots and a complex biochemical profile, has become a focal point of modern discussions on health and well-being. While it offers therapeutic promise for some, its relationship with mental health and potential for dependency cannot be overlooked. As society continues to grapple with its stance on cannabis, it's imperative for individuals to approach its use with informed caution, recognizing both its benefits and risks. Ultimately, open dialogue, research, and a commitment to holistic health will guide our understanding and decisions surrounding this multifaceted plant.
Integrative mind is a psychiatry practice in New York City that offers virtual in-network psychiatry and psychotherapy sessions for adolescents and adults. Our team is comprised of psychiatric clinicians and psychotherapists that specialize in treating a wide range of mental health conditions. Get started today!